ABSTRACT
Abstract This paper reports the in vitro antiproliferative effects, antiprotozoal, anti-herpes and antimicrobial activities of 32 organic extracts of 14 marine sponges and 14 corals collected in northeast Brazilian coast. The ethanolic extracts of the sponges Amphimedon compressa and Tedania ignis, and the acetone extract of Dysidea sp. showed relevant results concerning the antiproliferative effects against A549, HCT-8, and PC-3 cell lines by sulforhodamine B assay, but also low specificity. Concerning the antiprotozoal screening, the ethanolic extract of Amphimedon compressa and the acetone and ethanolic extracts of Dysidea sp. were the most active against Leishmania amazonensis and Trypanosoma cruzi expressing β-galactosidase in THP-1 cells. In the preliminary anti-HSV-1 (KOS strain) screening, the ethanolic extracts of the sponges Amphimedon compressa, Haliclona sp. and Chondrosia collectrix inhibited viral replication by more than 50%. The most promising anti-herpes results were observed for the ethanolic extract of Haliclona sp. showing high selective indices against HSV-1, KOS and 29R strains (SI> 50 and >79, respectively), and HSV-2, 333 strain (IS>108). The results of the antibacterial screening indicated that only the ethanolic extract of Amphimedon compressa exhibited a weak activity against Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli by the disk diffusion method. In view of these results, the extracts of Amphimedon compressa, Tedania ignis and Dysidea sp. were selected for further studies aiming the isolation and identification of the bioactive compounds with antiproliferative and/or antiprotozoal activities. The relevant anti-herpes activity of the ethanolic extract of Haliclona sp. also deserves special attention, and will be further investigated.
Resumo Este artigo reporta as atividades in vitro antiproliferativa, atiprotozoárica, anti-herpética e antimicrobiana de 32 extratos orgânicos provenientes de 14 esponjas marinhas e 14 corais coletados no litoral nordestino brasileiro. Os extratos etanólicos das esponjas Amphimedon compressa e Tedania ignis, e o extrato acetônico de Dysidea sp. demonstraram resultados promissores em relação aos efeitos antiproliferativos frente as linhagens celulares A549, HCT-8, PC-3 pelo método da sulforrodamina B, mas sem especificidade. Em relação à atividade antiprotozárica, os extratos etanólico de Amphimedon compressa e acetônico e etanólico de Dysidea sp. apresentaram atividade contra Leishmania amazonensis e Trypanosoma cruzi através do método de expressão de β-galactosidase em células THP-1. Na investigação preliminar de atividade antiviral frente ao vírus Herpes simplex tipo 1 (cepa KOS), os extratos etanólicos das esponjas Amphimedon compressa, Haliclona sp. e Chondrosia collectrix inibiram mais de 50% da replicação viral. O extrato etanólico da esponja Haliclona sp. demonstrou resultados promissores para atividade anti-herpética com altos índices de seletividade para as cepas KOS (IS >50) e 29R (IS>79) frente ao VHS-1 e cepa 333 (IS>108) frente ao VHS-2. O extrato etanólico da esponja Amphimedon compressa exibiu uma pequena atividade contra Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli pelo método de difusão em disco. De acordo com os resultados apresentados, os extratos das esponjas Amphimedon compressa, Tedania ignis e Dysidea sp. serão selecionados para futuros estudos de isolamento e identificação dos compostos bioativos para as atividades antiproliferativa e antiprozoárica. O extrato etanólico de Haliclona sp. será investigado por possuir atividade relevante anti-herpética.
Subject(s)
Animals , Porifera , Brazil , Plant Extracts , Enterococcus faecalis , Anti-Bacterial AgentsABSTRACT
Abstract This paper reports the in vitro antiproliferative effects, antiprotozoal, anti-herpes and antimicrobial activities of 32 organic extracts of 14 marine sponges and 14 corals collected in northeast Brazilian coast. The ethanolic extracts of the sponges Amphimedon compressa and Tedania ignis, and the acetone extract of Dysidea sp. showed relevant results concerning the antiproliferative effects against A549, HCT-8, and PC-3 cell lines by sulforhodamine B assay, but also low specificity. Concerning the antiprotozoal screening, the ethanolic extract of Amphimedon compressa and the acetone and ethanolic extracts of Dysidea sp. were the most active against Leishmania amazonensis and Trypanosoma cruzi expressing -galactosidase in THP-1 cells. In the preliminary anti-HSV-1 (KOS strain) screening, the ethanolic extracts of the sponges Amphimedon compressa, Haliclona sp. and Chondrosia collectrix inhibited viral replication by more than 50%. The most promising anti-herpes results were observed for the ethanolic extract of Haliclona sp. showing high selective indices against HSV-1, KOS and 29R strains (SI> 50 and >79, respectively), and HSV-2, 333 strain (IS>108). The results of the antibacterial screening indicated that only the ethanolic extract of Amphimedon compressa exhibited a weak activity against Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli by the disk diffusion method. In view of these results, the extracts of Amphimedon compressa, Tedania ignis and Dysidea sp. were selected for further studies aiming the isolation and identification of the bioactive compounds with antiproliferative and/or antiprotozoal activities. The relevant anti-herpes activity of the ethanolic extract of Haliclona sp. also deserves special attention, and will be further investigated.
Resumo Este artigo reporta as atividades in vitro antiproliferativa, atiprotozoárica, anti-herpética e antimicrobiana de 32 extratos orgânicos provenientes de 14 esponjas marinhas e 14 corais coletados no litoral nordestino brasileiro. Os extratos etanólicos das esponjas Amphimedon compressa e Tedania ignis, e o extrato acetônico de Dysidea sp. demonstraram resultados promissores em relação aos efeitos antiproliferativos frente as linhagens celulares A549, HCT-8, PC-3 pelo método da sulforrodamina B, mas sem especificidade. Em relação à atividade antiprotozárica, os extratos etanólico de Amphimedon compressa e acetônico e etanólico de Dysidea sp. apresentaram atividade contra Leishmania amazonensis e Trypanosoma cruzi através do método de expressão de -galactosidase em células THP-1. Na investigação preliminar de atividade antiviral frente ao vírus Herpes simplex tipo 1 (cepa KOS), os extratos etanólicos das esponjas Amphimedon compressa, Haliclona sp. e Chondrosia collectrix inibiram mais de 50% da replicação viral. O extrato etanólico da esponja Haliclona sp. demonstrou resultados promissores para atividade anti-herpética com altos índices de seletividade para as cepas KOS (IS >50) e 29R (IS>79) frente ao VHS-1 e cepa 333 (IS>108) frente ao VHS-2. O extrato etanólico da esponja Amphimedon compressa exibiu uma pequena atividade contra Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli pelo método de difusão em disco. De acordo com os resultados apresentados, os extratos das esponjas Amphimedon compressa, Tedania ignis e Dysidea sp. serão selecionados para futuros estudos de isolamento e identificação dos compostos bioativos para as atividades antiproliferativa e antiprozoárica. O extrato etanólico de Haliclona sp. será investigado por possuir atividade relevante anti-herpética.
ABSTRACT
The Caco-2 cell line has been used as a model to predict the in vitro permeability of the human intestinal barrier. The predictive potential of the assay relies on an appropriate in-house validation of the method. The objective of the present study was to develop a single HPLC-UV method for the identification and quantitation of marker drugs and to determine the suitability of the Caco-2 cell permeability assay. A simple chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of both passively (propranolol, carbamazepine, acyclovir, and hydrochlorothiazide) and actively transported drugs (vinblastine and verapamil). Separation was achieved on a C18 column with step-gradient elution (acetonitrile and aqueous solution of ammonium acetate, pH 3.0) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and UV detection at 275 nm during the total run time of 35 min. The method was validated and found to be specific, linear, precise, and accurate. This chromatographic system can be readily used on a routine basis and its utilization can be extended to other permeability models. The results obtained in the Caco-2 bi-directional transport experiments confirmed the validity of the assay, given that high and low permeability profiles were identified, and P-glycoprotein functionality was established.
Subject(s)
Humans , /metabolism , Cell Membrane Permeability/physiology , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods , Intestines/metabolism , Pharmaceutical Preparations/metabolism , Acyclovir/pharmacokinetics , Carbamazepine/pharmacokinetics , Hydrochlorothiazide/pharmacokinetics , Propranolol/pharmacokinetics , Ultraviolet Rays , Verapamil/pharmacokinetics , Vinblastine/pharmacokineticsABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to compare two nucleic acid extraction methods for the recovery of enteric viruses from activated sludge. Test samples were inoculated with human adenovirus (AdV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), poliovirus (PV) and rotavirus (RV) and were then processed by an adsorption-elution-precipitation method. Two extraction methods were used: an organic solvent-based method and a silica method. The organic-based method was able to recoup 20 percent of the AdV, 90 percent of the RV and 100 percent of both the PV and HAV from seeded samples. The silica method was able to recoup 1.8 percent of the AdV and 90 percent of the RV. These results indicate that the organic-based method is more suitable for detecting viruses in sewage sludge.
Subject(s)
Adenoviruses, Human/isolation & purification , RNA Viruses/isolation & purification , Sewage/virology , Water Microbiology , DNA, Viral/isolation & purification , Hepatitis A virus/isolation & purification , Poliovirus/isolation & purification , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , RNA, Viral/isolation & purification , Rotavirus/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
No presente trabalho foi descrita a comparação da aplicabilidade das metodologias preconizadas na Farmacopéia Brasileira (1988) para a determinação de água em drogas vegetais. Foi realizada, ainda, a validação da determinação de água em analisador de umidade. As matérias-primas vegetais analisadas foram Calendula officinalis L. (calêndula), Foeniculum vulgare Miller (funcho), Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex. Reissek (espinheira-santa) e Passiflora alata Curtis (maracujá). A análise dos resultados obtidos mostrou que há diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p < 0,05) entre as metodologias "Determinação de água por destilação azeotrópica" e "Determinação de água em drogas vegetais" em estufa, assim como, entre a "Determinação da perda por dessecação" para as drogas vegetais calêndula e funcho. No entanto, não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p < 0,05) entre as duas metodologias de secagem em estufa. Quanto à validação da determinação de água em analisador de umidade, não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p<0,05) entre os resultados das análises em analisador de umidade e os obtidos através da "Determinação da perda por dessecação". Além disso, não foram verificadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p < 0,05) para as análises referentes à repetibilidade, precisão intermediária e reprodutibilidade da técnica, o que comprova a exatidão e a precisão da metodologia proposta.
A comparison of the Brazilian pharmacopeial methodologies for water determination in plant raw materials is presented for the following species: Calendula officinalis, Foeniculum vulgare, Maytenus ilicifolia e Passiflora alata. In addition, the validation of water determination by infrared drying was carried out for these species. The results obtained using the azeotropic distillation method (Brazilian Pharmacopoeia - "Determination of Water by Azeotropic Distillation") were significantly different (p<0.05) than those obtained using two different gravimetric methods (Brazilian Pharmacopoeia - "Determination of Water in Vegetable Drugs" and "Determination of loss on Drying"). However, no significant statistical difference was observed between the two gravimetric methodologies. After optimization of operating conditions, the results of water determination by infrared drying were not significantly different than those obtained using the loss on drying pharmaceutical method. Also, no statistically significant differences were observed for repeatability, intermediate precision and reproducibility of the method, demonstrating the accuracy and precision of the proposed methodology.
ABSTRACT
Natural products are an inexhaustible source of compounds with promising pharmacological activities including antiviral action. Violacein, the major pigment produced by Chromobacterium violaceum, has been shown to have antibiotic, antitumoral and anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activities. The goal of the present work was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of violacein and also its potential antiviral properties.The cytotoxicity of violacein was investigated by three methods: cell morphology evaluation by inverted light microscopy and cell viability tests using the Trypan blue dye exclusion method and the MTT assay. The cytotoxic concentration values which cause destruction in 50 percent of the monolayer cells (CC50) were different depending on the sensitivity of the method. CC50 values were > 2.07 ± 0.08 æM for FRhK-4 cells: > 2.23 ± 0.11 æM for Vero cells; > 2.54 ± 0.18 æM for MA104 cells; and > 2.70 ± 0.20 æM for HEp-2 cells. Violacein showed no cytopathic inhibition of the following viruses: herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) strain 29-R/acyclovir resistant, hepatitis A virus (strains HM175 and HAF-203) and adenovirus type 5 nor did it show any antiviral activity in the MTT assay. However violacein did show a weak inhibition of viral replication: 1.42 ± 0.68 percent, 14.48 ± 5.06 percent and 21.47 ± 3.74 percent for HSV-1 (strain KOS); 5.96 ± 2.51 percent, 8.75 ± 3.08 percent and 17.75 ± 5.19 percent for HSV-1 (strain ATCC/VR-733); 5.13 ± 2.38 percent, 8.18 ± 1.11 percent and 8.51 ± 1.94 percent for poliovirus type 2; 8.30 ± 4.24 percent; 13.33 ± 4.66 percent and 24.27 ± 2.18 percent for simian rotavirus SA11, at 0.312, 0.625 and 1.250 mM, respectively, when measured by the MTT assay
Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents , Chromobacterium , Cell Survival , Cells, Cultured , Hepatovirus , Herpesvirus 1, Human , Poliovirus , Rotavirus , SimplexvirusABSTRACT
Outbreaks of gastroenteritis have occurred among consumers of raw or undercooked shellfish harvested from faecally polluted waters. A multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was applied for the simultaneous detection of hepatitis A virus (HAV), poliovirus (PV) and simian rotavirus (RV-SA11) and compared with specific primers for each genome sequence. Three amplified DNA products representing HAV (192 bp), PV (394 bp) and RV (278 bp) were identified when positive controls were used. However, when tested on experimentally contaminated raw oysters, this method was not able to detect the three viruses simultaneously. This is probably due to the low concentration of viral RNAs present in oyster extract which were partially lost during the extracts preparation